Acknowledgements

\( \providecommand{\glspostdescription}{} \renewcommand{\glspostdescription}{} \def\cprime{\char"7E } \def\cdprime{\char"7F } \def\eoborotnoye{\char'013} \def\Eoborotnoye{\char'003} \newcommand{\beq}[1]{\begin{equation}\label{#1}} \newcommand{\eeq}{\end{equation}} \newcommand{\weakstar}{weak${}^*$ } \newcommand{\rng}{\operatorname{rng}} \newcommand{\ex}{\operatorname{ex}} \newcommand{\colex}{\prec_{\operatorname{colex}}} \newcommand{\lex}{\prec_{\operatorname{lex}}} \newcommand{\per}{\operatorname{per}} \newcommand{\permat}{\operatorname{pm}} \renewcommand{\hom}{\operatorname{hom}} \newcommand{\Hom}{\operatorname{Hom}} \newcommand{\tr}{\operatorname{tr}} \newcommand{\degree}{d} \newcommand{\lt}{<} \newcommand{\gt}{>} \newcommand{\amp}{&} \definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9} \newcommand{\fillinmath}[1]{\mathchoice{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\displaystyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\textstyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\scriptstyle \phantom{\,#1\,}$}}{\colorbox{fillinmathshade}{$\scriptscriptstyle\phantom{\,#1\,}$}}} \)

Acknowledgements Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Anita Liebenau for creating all of the attractive mathematical figures in these notes. Any untidy-looking hand-drawn mathematical figures were created by the author. Several artistic pictures in the notes were created using Midjourney AI based on prompts supplied by the author. Some additional artistic pictures were generated using ChatGPT based on prompts supplied and refined by the author.

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Thank you to all of the past students who have taken the course Math 426/529 at the University of Victoria that these notes are based on. The questions, comments and ideas that you have raised in class have inspired a few new exercises and examples and countless improvements to the exposition in these notes.

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